The global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has witnessed an unprecedented increase during the last decade and is expected to do so in the future. Although the service life of batteries could be expanded using Circular Economy approaches such as repair or remanufacture, batteries will inevitably become a huge waste stream as electric vehicles gain popularity. Battery recycling The paper presents a cradle-to-gate (CTG) life cycle assessment (LCA) of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) chemistries for battery electric vehicle (BEV) applications. We consider three scenarios to cover the most probable production routes in Germany, France, and Italy, foreseen as the largest European LIB producers by 2030. Comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion battery electric bus and diesel bus from well to wheel. Energy Procedia (2018) D. Kamath et al. The parametric life cycle inventory model is used to conduct distinct life cycle assessments (LCA) for each material value chain by varying the identified levers within defined engineering ranges. 570 distinct LCAs are conducted for the aluminum value chain, 450 for copper, 170 for graphite, 39 for lithium carbonate via spodumene, 20 for However, current Li-ion batteries, with a specific energy in the range of 100–150 Wh kg 1 [4], cannot provide an average EV with a driving range comparable to that of conventional vehicles. Moreover, relevant LCA studies show that Li-ion battery technologies produce substantial environmental impacts during their life cycle, Quartile estimates of life cycle emissions factors in units of grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt hour of generation (g CO2e/kWh) are provided for the following life cycle stages: one-time upstream, ongoing combustion, ongoing non-combustion, one-time downstream, and total. Literature estimates were compiled by the LCA Majeau-Bettez, G., Hawkins, T. R. & Stromman, A. H. Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles. Environ This thesis provides an assessment of the life-cycle environmental impact of a lithium-ion battery pack intended for energy storage applications in 16 different impact categories. A model of the battery pack was made in the open-source life-cycle assessment-software: openLCA using estimated production data from the .

li ion battery life cycle assessment